The Transmission of Islamic Political
Movements from the Middle East to Indonesia
ABSTRACT
The
transmission of Islamic political movements to Indonesia has seen rapid
developments since the 1970s and 1980s. The development of Islamic political
movements began to gain momentum with the increase in the number of Indonesian
students, of both school and university age, who went to study in the Middle
East, which caused the relations between Indonesia and the Middle East to
become closer on many levels. In the 1980s, Indonesian students in Saudi
Arabia, Egypt, and other Middle Eastern countries absorbed many ideas related to
political Islam or the movement of Islamic fundamentalism from the Middle East.
The goal of this research is to discover the relationship between the Islamic
political movements in the Middle East and the movements that have developed in
Indonesia. There are numerous aspects which need to be understood about the
emergence of Islamic political movements and it is important for people to be given
correct information, through this study, about which Islamic teachings can be
regarded as being bearers of peace, or rahmatanlil’ālamīn, namely „a religion which brings prosperity for
the universe‟, and which groups, on the other hand, claim to be followers of
Islam and in the name of their religion carry out acts of terror.
A. Introduction
The term political Islam
was made popular by Oliver Roy in his book entitled L’ échecde
l’islam politique or The
Failure of the Political Islam. The term used in this research is Islamic
Political Movements, which is equivalent to the term Islamic Fundamentalism. In
addition to the term Islamic Political Movements, this article also uses other
terms, such as Fundamentalist Islam, Militant Islam, and Radical Islam, but the
use of the term Islamic Political Movements is more dominant and is the term
chosen for use by the writer because it has been agreed upon by experts both in
Indonesia and internationally1,2as the appropriate term to replace the term
Islamic fundamentalism. Hassan Hanafi, in his book entitled Al-Ushūliyah
al-Islāmiyah, states that Islamic fundamentalism is the „prototype‟
of the Salafi movement which was originally led by Ahmad bin Hanbal and subsequently
continued by Ibnu Taimiyah, Ibnul Qayyim, and Jamaludin al-Afghani3. In recent
times, one of the more prominent roles in Islamic fundamentalist movements has
been played by Jamaah Islamiyah (JI). JI carries out its activities
persistently, in particular in Southeast Asia, but also on an international
level. Unfortunately, according to Hassan Hanafi, although Islam is a religion
that is supposed to bring peace (the word Islam comes from the word “salam”
which means “peace”), some radical Islamic groups and terrorist groups have
interpreted their harsh and violent activities as being in the name of Islam3. Political
Islam is a political institution which is oriented to promoting Islam as a way
of life for a society and a political system for a country, and endeavours to implement
Islamic law or Sharia in countries where the majority of the population is
Muslim. Experts in Indonesia agree that this term is an appropriate term to be used
in Indonesia to replace the term Islamic fundamentalism4. Political Islam is a
political theory within an Islamic outlook, or the use of symbols and texts (nash)
of the Islamic religion which revolve around social order, power, and authority
(see previous Discussion). Islamic political parties in Indonesia include Partai
Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP), and a reference to political Islam is
synonymous with a reference to Islamic parties such as Partai Keadilandan
Sejahtera (PKS) and Partai Bulan Bintang (PBB), while Islamic
movements such as Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia (MMI) and Jamaah Ansharut
Tauhid (JAT) are referred to as Islamic political movements3. After
Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab (1701 – 1793).
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